Suicidal behavior represents a major public health priority and it is associated with significant disability and psychosocial impairment worldwide. Affective temperaments and personality traits are hypothesized to impact on the clinical manifestation of both major affective disorders and suicidal behavior acting as possible candidate predictors. According to existing studies, childhood emotional abuse, severity of current depression, and female gender were significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempts, whereas hyperthymic temperament has been suggested to be protective against hopelessness and suicide risk. According to temperamental traits, subjects who exhibited suicide attempts scored higher on harm-avoidance and lower on persistence and novelty-seeking, while based on character dimension, patients who attempted suicide scored significantly lower on self-directedness and cooperativeness. Importantly, measures of affective temperament-types were independently and more strongly associated with lifetime suicide attempts than was diagnosis of a major affective disorder. Overall, suicide risk may be significantly mediated by affective temperaments and certain personality traits. Clinicians should carefully evaluate affective temperament, personality traits and their link with emotional dysregulation as they may have a crucial role in the prediction of suicidal behavior in clinical practice.