PS36 - Suicide Prevention and Assistance in Dying: Addressing Suffering in Various Countries
Suicide and Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada: Comparing Motives for Dying and the Nature of SufferingAssisted suicide and euthanasia have been legalized in Canada in 2016 to address intolerable suffering at the end-of-life. Both are referred as medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Since 2021, the law no longer requires that the natural death of the patient is reasonably foreseeable. Therefore, people can request MAiD if they have a serious, incurable illness or disability, that impose intolerable physical or psychological suffering that cannot be alleviated under conditions the patient considers acceptable. At the time of writing, mental illness as sole underlying medical condition is excluded until March 17, 2024. In the province of Quebec (Canada), the proportion of death by MAiD is the highest (7%), surpassing all other countries/states for yearly reported assisted deaths. In 2022, the average age of MAID recipients was 77 years, increasing slightly since 2019 (M = 75.2 years). It is interesting to compare the suffering and the motives for dying expressed by people who think about suicide and those requesting MAiD. Results from various studies and reports on MAiD show that unbearable suffering is not limited to physical problems or symptoms, but mostly associated with a combination of social, psychological, existential issues that are intensified by the medical context. Elements of suffering mentioned by patients who had received MAiD include: various losses and fears (such as fear of dependency), loss of dignity, loss of control, being a burden to others, lack of meaning to life, and social isolation. These are similar to the motives to die expressed by suicidal older adults. Moreover, the cultural context of suffering should not be overlooked, since ageism pervades each potential factors underlying the wish to die in old age. Nonetheless, there is an important difference between the two groups of people, such as the validation, by a health professional, of the suffering experienced by those who were approved to receive MAiD. The legitimacy of the motives behind the desire for a hastened death indicates that MAiD is a socially acceptable choice, while suicide is more often perceived as an impulsive and irrational act. All these observations show the need for a training program about MAiD, designed for suicide prevention workers who deal with callers expressing intolerable suffering.